职称英语理工类考试真题及答案
职称英语理工类考试真题及答案
短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
Forecasting Methods
There are several different methods that can be used to create a forecast. The method a forecaster chooses depends upon the experience of the forecaster, the amount of information available to the forecaster, the level of difficulty that the forecast situation presents, and the degree of accuracy or confidence needed in the forecast.
The first of these methods is the persistence method; the simplest way of producing a forecast. The persistence method assumes that the conditions at the time of the forecast will not change. For example, if it is sunny and 87 degrees today, the persistence method predicts that it will be sunny and 87 degrees tomorrow. If two inches of rain fell today, the persistence method would predict two inches of rain for tomorrow. However, if weather conditions change significantly from day to day, the persistence method usually breaks down and is not the best forecasting method to use.
The trends method involves determining the speed and direction of movement for fronts, high and low pressure centers, and areas of clouds and precipitation(降水量). Using this information, the forecaster can predict where he or she expects those features to be at some future time. For example, if a storm system is 1,000 miles west of your location and moving to the east at 250 miles per day, using the trends method you would predict it to arrive in your area in 4 days. The trends method works well when systems continue to move at the same speed in the same direction for a long period of time. If they slow down, speed up, change intensity, or change direction, the trends forecast will probably not work as well.
The climatology(气候学) method is another simple way of producing a forecast. This method involves averaging weather statistics accumulated over many years to make the forecast. For example, if you were using the climatology method to predict the weather for New York City on July 4th, you would go through all the weather data that has been recorded for every July 4th and take an average. The climatology method only works well when the weather pattern is similar to that expected for the chosen time of year. If the pattern is quite unusual for the given time of year, the climatology method will often fail.
The analog method is a slightly more complicated method of producing a forecast. It involves examining today's forecast scenario(模式) and remembering a day in the past when the weather scenario looked very similar (an analog). The forecaster would predict that the weather in this forecast will behave the same as it did in the past. The analog method is difficult to use because it is virtually impossible to find a predict analog. Various weather features rarely align themselves in the same locations as they were in the previous time. Even small differences between the current time and the analog can lead to very different results.
31. Which of the following factors is NOT mentioned in choosing a forecasting method?
A. Necessary amount of information.
B. Degree of difficulty involved in forecasting.
C. Practical knowledge of the forecaster.
D. Creativity of the forecaster.
32. The persistence method fails to work well when
A. it is rainy.
B. it is sunny.
C. weather conditions stay stable.
D. weather conditions change greatly.
33. The trends method works well when
A. weather features are constant for a long period of time.
B. weather features are defined well enough.
C. predictions on precipitation are accurate.
D. the speed and direction of movement are predicable.
34. The analog method should not be used in making a weather forecast when
A. the analog looks complicated.
B. the current weather scenario is different from the analog.
C. the analog is more than 10 years old.
D. the current weather scenario is exactly the same as the analog.
35. Historical weather data are necessary in
A. the persistence method and the trends method.
B. the trends method and the climatology method.
C. the climatology method and the analog method.
D. The persistence method and the analog method.
参考答案：DDABC
Students Learn Better With Touchscreen Desks
Observe the criticisms of nearly any major public education system in the world, and a few of the many complaints are more or less universal. Technology moves faster than the education system. Teachers must teach at the pace of the slowest student rather than the fastest. And — particularly in the United States — school children as a group don’t care much for, or excel(擅长)at, mathematics. So it’s heartening to learn that a new kind of “classroom of the future” shows promise at mitigating some of these problems, starting with that fundamental piece of classroom furniture: the desk.
AUK study involving roughly 400 students, mostly aged 8-10 years, and a new generation of multi-touch, multi-user, computerized desktop surfaces is showing that over the last three years the technology has appreciably boosted students’ math skills compared to peers learning the same material via the conventional paper-and-pencil method. How? Through collaboration, mostly, as well as by giving teachers better tools by which to micromanage individual students who need some extra instruction while allowing the rest of the class to continue moving forward.
Traditional instruction still shows respectable efficacy (效力) at increasing students fluency in mathematics, essentially through memorization and practice — dull, repetitive practice. But the researchers have concluded that these new touchscreen desks boost both fluency and flexibility — the critical thinking skills that allow students to solve complex problems not simply through knowing formulas and devices, but by being able to figure out what the real problem is and the most effective means of stripping it down and solving it.
One reason for this, the researchers say, is the multi-touch aspect of the technology. Students working in the next-gen classroom can work together at the same tabletop, each of them contributing and engaging with the problem as part of a group. Known as SynergyNet, the software uses computer vision systems that see in the infrared (红外线的) spectrum to distinguish between different touches on different parts of the surface, allowing students to access and use tools on the screen, move objects and visual aids around on their desktops, and otherwise physically interact with the numbers and information on their screens. By using these screens collaboratively, the researchers say, the students are to some extent teaching themselves as those with a stronger grasp on difficult concepts pull other students forward along with them.
36. Which of the following statements is NOT true of the public education system?
A. It does not catch up with the development of technology.
B. Teachers pay more attention to fast learners than slow learners.
C. Some similar complaints about it are heard in different countries.
D. Many students are not good at learning mathematics.
37. What has been found after the new tech is employed?
A. Teachers are able to give individualized attention to students in need.
B. Students become less active in learning mathematics.
C. Students show preference to the conventional paper-and-pencil method.
D. The gap between slow learners and fast learners get more noticeable.
38. What is the benefit students get from the new tech?
A. It makes them more fluent in public speech.
B. It offers them more flexibility in choosing courses.
C. It is effective in helping them solve physical problems.
D. It enables them to develop critical thinking ability.
39. What happens when students are using the desktop of the new tech?
A. Every student has an individual tabletop.
B. Students use different tools to interact with each other.
C. The multi-touch function stimulates students.
D. The software installed automatically identifies different users.
40. How does the new tech work to improve students’mathematical learning?
A. It helps fast learners to learn faster.
B. It makes teachers’ instruction unnecessary.
C. It enables them to work together.
D. It allows the whole class to learn at the same pace.
参考答案：BADCC
On the Trail of the Honey Badgers
On a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert, a team of researchers learnt a lot more about honey badgers (獾). The team employed a local wildlife expert, Kitso Khama, to help them locate and follow the badgers across the desert. Their main aim was to study the badgers’ movements and behaviour as discreetly (谨慎地) as possible, without frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behaviour. They also planned to trap a few and study them close up before releasing them. In view of the animal’s reputation, this was something that even Khama was reluctant to do.
“The problem with honey badgers is they are naturally curious animals, especially when they see something new,” he says. “that, combined with their unpredictable nature, can be a dangerous mixture. If they sense you have food, for example, they won’t be shy about coming right up to you for something to eat. They’re actually quite sociable creatures around humans, but as soon as they feel they might be in danger, they can become extremely vicious (凶恶的). Fortunately this is rare, but it does happen.”
The research confirmed many things that were already known. As expected, honey badgers ate any creatures they could catch and kill. Even poisonous snakes, feared and avoided by most other animals, were not safe from them. The researchers were surprised, however, by the animal’s fondness for local melons, probably because of their high water content. Previously researchers thought that the animal got all of its liquid requirements from its prey (猎物). The team also learnt that, contrary to previous research findings, the badgers occasionally formed loose family groups. They were also able to confirm certain results from previous research, including the fat that female badgers never socialized with each other.
Following some of the male badgers was a challenge, since they can cover large distances in a short space of time. Some hunting territories cover more than 500 square kilometers. Although they seem happy to share these territories with other males, there are occasional fights over an important food source, and male badgers can be as aggressive towards each other as they are towards other species.
As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people, it gave the team the chance to get up close to them without being the subject of the animal’s curiosity —or their sudden aggression. The badgers’ eating patterns, which had been disrupted, returned to normal. It also allowed the team to observe more closely some of the other creatures that form working associations with the honey badger, as these seems to adopt the badgers’ relaxed attitude when near humans.
41. Why did the wildlife experts visit the Kalahari Desert?
A. To find where honey badgers live.
B. To observe how honey badgers behave.
C. To catch some honey badgers for food.
D. To find out why honey badgers have a bad reputation.
42. What does Kitso Khama say about honey badgers?
A. They show interest in things they are not familiar with.
B. They are always looking for food.
C. They do not enjoy human company.
D. It is common for them to attack people.
43. What did the team find out about honey badgers?
A. There were some creatures they did not eat.
B. They were afraid of poisonous creatures.
C. They may get some of the water they needed from fruit.
D. Female badgers did not mix with male badgers.
44. Which of the following is a typical feature of male badgers?
A. They don’t run very quickly.
B. They hunt over a very large area.
C. They defend their territory from other badgers.
D. They are more aggressive than females
45. What happened when honey badgers got used to humans around them?
A. They became less aggressive towards other creatures.
B. They started eating more.
C. Other animals started working with them.
D. They lost interest in people.
参考答案：BACBD
短文，每篇短文后有5道题。
Energy and Public Lands
The United States boasts substantial energy resources. Federal lands provide a good deal of US energy production，the US Department of the Interior manages federal energy leasing(租赁)，both on land and on the offshore Outer Continental Shelf。 Production from these sources amounts to nearly 30 percent of total annual US energy production.
In 2000，32 percent of US oil，35 percent of natural gas，and 37 percent of coal were produced from federal lands，representing 20,000 producing oil and gas leases and 135 producing coal leases. Federal lands are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undiscovered US oil reserves and 74 percent of undiscovered natural gas.
Revenues from federal oil，gas，and coal leasing provide significant returns to US taxpayers as well as State Government. In 1999，for example，$553 million in oil and gas revenues were paid to the US Treasury，and non-India coal leases accounted for over $304 million in revenues，of which 50 percent were paid to State governments. Public lands also play a critical role in energy delivery. Each year，federal land managers authorize rights of way for transmission lines，rail systems，pipelines，and other facilities related to energy production and use.
Alternative energy production from federal lands falls behind conventional energy production，though the amount is still significant. For example，federal geothermal(地热)resources produce about 7.5 billion kilowatt-hours(千瓦时)of electricity per year，47 percent of all electricity generated from US geothermal energy. There are 2,960 wind turbines on public lands in California alone，producing electricity for about 300,000 people. Federal hydropower facilities produce about 17 percent of all hydropower produced in the United States.
Because of the growing US thirst for energy and increasing public unease with influence on foreign off sources，pressure on public lands to meet US energy demand is becoming more intense. Public lands are available for energy development only after they have been evaluated through the land use planning process. If development of energy resources conflicts with management or use of other resources，development restrictions or impact moderation measures may be enforced，or mineral be banned altogether.
31. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Public lands are one of the main sources of revenues.
B. Public lands play an important role in energy production.
C. Public lands should be developed to ease energy shortage.
D. Public lands store huge energy resources for further development.
32. Which of the following statements is true of public lands in the U.S.?
A. The majority of undiscovered natural gas is stored there.
B. Half of US energy is produced there.
C. Most of coal was produced from there in 2000.
D. Most energy resources are reserved there.
33. Geothermal resources，wind turbines，and hydropower facilities in Paragraph 4 cited as examples to illustrate that
A. the amount of alternative energy production from public lands is huge.
B. alternative energy production is no less than conventional energy production.
C. they are the most typical conventional energy resources from public lands.
D. geothermal resources are more important than the other two。
34. There is a mounting pressure on public lands to satisfy US energy demands
A. the U.S. is demanding more and more energy.
B. many Americans are unhappy with energy development in foreign countries.
C. quite a few public lands are banned for energy development.
D. many Americans think public lands are being abused.
35. Public lands can be used for energy development when
A. energy development restrictions are effective.
B. federal land managers grant permissions.
C. they go through the land use planning process.
D. there is enough federal budget.
参考答案：BAAAC
Putting Plants to Work
Using the power of the sun is nothing new. People have had solar-powered calculators and buildings with solar panels(太阳能电池板)for decades. But plants are the real experts. They’ve been using sunlight as an energy source for billions of years.
Cells in the green leaves of plants work like tiny factories to convert sunlight，carbon dioxide(二氧化碳)，and water into sugars and starches(淀粉)，stored energy that the plants can use. This conversion process is called photosynthesis(光合作用). Unfortunately，unless you’re a plant，it’s difficult and expensive to convert sunlight into storable energy. That’s why scientists are taking a closer look at exactly how plants do it.
Some scientists are trying to get plants，or biological cells that act like plants，to work as very small photosynthesis power stations. For example，Maria Ghirardi of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden. Colo.，is working with green algae(水藻). She’s trying to trick them into producing hydrogen instead of sugars when they perform photosynthesis. Once the researchers can get the algae working efficiently，the hydrogen that they produce could be used to power fuel cells in cars or to generate electricity.
The algae are grown in narrow-necked glass bottles to produce hydrogen in the lab. During photosynthesis，plants normally make sugars or starches.“But under certain conditions，a lot of algae are able to use the sunlight energy not to store starch，but to make hydrogen.”Ghirardi says. For example，algae will produce hydrogen in an airfree environment. It’s the oxygen in the air that prevents algae from making hydrogen most of the time.
Working in an airfree environment，however，is difficult. It’s not a practical way to produce cheap energy. But Ghirardi and her colleagues have discovered that by removing a chemical called sulfate(硫酸盐)from the environment that the algae grow in，they will make hydrogen instead of sugars，even when air is present.
Unfortunately, removing the sulfate also makes the algae's cells work very slowly, and not much hydrogen is produced. Still, the researchers see this as a first step in their goal to produce hydrogen efficiently from algae. With more work, they may be able to speed the cells'activity and produce larger quantities of hydrogen.
The researchers hope that algae will one day be an easy-to-use fuel source. The organisms are cheap to get and to feed, Ghirardi says, and they can grow almost anywhere： “You can grow them in a reactor, in a pond. You can grow them in the ocean. There's a lot of flexibility in how you can use these organisms.”
36. How do plants relate to solar energy?
A. They are the real experts in producing it.
B. They have been a source of it.
C. They have been used to produce it.
D. They have been using it for billions of years.
37. Scientists study how photosynthesis works because they want to
A. improve the efficiency of it.
B. turn plant sugars to a new form of energy.
C. make green plants a new source of energy.
D. get more sugars and starches from plants.
38. Algae are able to use solar energy to produce hydrogen when
A. they are grown in narrow-necked bottles.
B. there is enough oxygen in the air.
C. enough starches is stored.
D. there is no oxygen in the air.
39. Researchers find it difficult to make algae produce hydrogen efficiently because
A. removing the sulfate slows down hydrogen production.
B. it is hard to create an airfree environment.
C. it is expensive to remove the sulfate from the environment.
D. the algae’s cells work slowly if there is no oxygen in the air.
40. What does Ghirardi say about algae?
A. They grow faster in a reactor.
B. They will be planted everywhere.
C. They are cheap to eat.
D. They can be a good energy source.
参考答案：DADAD
On the Trail of the Honey Badger
On a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert，a team of researchers learnt a lot more about honey badgers(獾). The team employed a local wildlife expert，Kitso Khama，to help them locate and follow the badgers across the desert. Their main aim was to study the badgers’ movements and behavior as discreetly(谨慎地)as possible，without frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behavior. They also planned to trap a few and study them close up before releasing them in view of the animal’s reputation，this was something that even Khama was reluctant to do.
“The problem with honey badgers is they are naturally curious animals，especially when they see something new.”he says.“That，combined with their unpredictable nature，can be a dangerous mixture. If they sense you have food，for example，they won’t be shy about coming right up to you for something to eat. They’re actually quite sociable creatures around humans，but as soon as they feel they might be in danger，they can become extremely vicious(凶恶的). Fortunately this is rare，but it does happen.”
The research confirmed many things that were already known. As expected，honey badgers ate any creatures they could catch and kill. Even poisonous snakes，feared and avoided by most other animals，were not safe from them. The researchers were surprised，however，by the animal’s fondness for local melons，probably because of their high water content. Previously researchers thought that the animal got all of its liquid requirements from its prey(猎物). The team also learnt that，contrary to previous research findings，the badgers occasionally formed loose family groups. They were also able to confirm certain results from previous research，including the fact that female badgers never socialised with each other.
Following some of the male badgers was a challenge，since they can cover large distances in a short space of time. Some hunting territories cover more than 500 square kilometers. Although they seem happy to share these territories with other males，there are occasional fights over an important food source，and male badgers can be as aggressive towards each other as they are towards other species.
As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people，it gave the team the to get up close to them without being the subject of the animals’ curiosity—or a sudden aggression. The badgers’ eating patterns，which had been disrupted，to normal. It also allowed the team to observe more closely some of the other that form working associations with the honey badger，as these seemed to badgers’ relaxed attitude when near humans.
41. Why did the wildlife experts visit the Kalahari Desert?
A. To observe how honey badgers behave.
B. To find where honey badgers live.
C. To catch some honey badgers for food.
D. To find out why honey badgers have a bad reputation.
42. What does Kitso Khama say about honey badgers?
A. They show interest in things they are not familiar with.
B. They are always looking for food.
C. They do not enjoy human company.
D. It is common for them to attack people.
43. What did the team find out about honey badgers?
A. They were some creatures they did not eat.
B. They may get some of the water they needed from fruit.
C. They were afraid of poisonous creatures.
D. Female badgers did not mix with male badgers.
44. Which of the following is a typical feature of male badgers?
A. They don’t run very quickly.
B. They defend their territory from other badgers.
C. They are more aggressive than females.
D. They hunt over a very large area.
45. What happened when honey badgers got used to humans around then
A. They became less aggressive towards other creature.
B. They lost interest in people.
C. They started eating more.
D. Other animals started working with them.
参考答案：AABDB
第5部分：补全短文(第46~50题，每题2分，共10分)下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据文章的内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。
The Tough Grass that Sweetens Our Lives
Sugar cane was once a wild grass that grew in New Guinea and was used by local people for roofing their houses and fencing their gardens. Gradually a different variety evolved which contained sucrose(蔗糖)and was chewed on for its sweet taste. Over time，sugar cane became a highly valuable commercial plant，grown throughout the world. ________(46)
Sugar became a vital ingredient in all kinds of things，from confectionery(糖果点心)to medicine，and，as the demand for sugar grew，the industry became larger and more profitable. ____(47) ____ Many crops withered(枯萎)and died ，despite growers’ attempts to save them，and there were fears that the health of the plant would continue to deteriorate.
In the 1960s，scientists working in Barbados looked for ways to make the commercial species stronger and more able to resist disease. They experimented with breeding programmes，mixing genes from the more delicate，commercial type. ____(48)____This sugar cane is not yet ready to be sold commercially，but when this happens，it is expected to be incredible profitable for the industry.
____ (49)____Brazil，which produces one quarter of the world’s sugar，has coordinated an international project under Professor Paulo Arrudo of the Universidade Estaudual de Campinas in Sao Paulo. Teams of experts have worked with him to discover more about which parts of the genetic structure of the plant are important for the production of sugar and its overall health.
Despite all the research，however，we still do not fully understand how the genes in sugar cane.____(50)____This gene is particularly exciting because it makes the plant resistant to rust, a disease which probably originated in India, but is now capable of infecting sugar cane across the world. Scientist believe they will eventually be able to grow a plant which cannot be destroyed by rust.
A Since the 1980s，scientists have been analysing the mysterious of the sugar canes genetic code.
47. Unfortunately，however，the plant started to become weaker and more prone to disease.
46. The majority of the world’s sugar now comes from this particular commercial species.
50. One major gene has been identified by Dr. Angellique D’Hont and her team in Montpeller，France.
48. Eventually，a commercial plant was developed which was 5 percent sweeter than before，but also much stronger and less likely to die from disease.
49. Sugar cane is now much more vigorous and the supply of sugar is therefore more guaranteed.
参考答案：B C D E F
第6部分：完形填空(第51~65题，每题1分，共15分)下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳答案。
Why India Needs Its Dying Vultures
The vultures(秃鹰)in question may look ugly and threatening，but the sudden sharp decline in three species of India's vultures is producing alarm rather than celebration，and it presents the world with a new kind of environmental problem. The dramatic_____(51)_____in vulture numbers is causing widespread disruption to people living in the ____(52)_____areas as the birds. It is also causing serious public health problems _____(53)_____the Indian sub-continent.
While their reputation and appearance may be unpleasant to many Indians，vultures have _____(54)_____played a very important role in keeping towns and villages all over India (55). It is because they feed on dead cows. In India，cows are sacred animals and are _____(56)_____left in the open when they die in their thousands upon thousands every year.
The disappearance of the vultures has _____(57_____an explosion in the numbers of wild dogs feeding on the remains of these_____(58)_____animals. There are fears that rabies(狂犬症) may increase as a result. And this terrifying disease may ultimately(最终)affect humans in the region，_____(59)_____wild dogs are its main carriers. Rabies could also spread to other animal species，_____(60)_____an even greater problem in the future.
The need for action is _____(61)_____，so an emergency project has been launched to find a solution to this serious vulture problem. Scientists are trying to _____(62)_____the disease causing the birds’ deaths and，if possible，develop a cure.
Large-scale vulture _____(63)were first noticed at the end of the 1980s in India. A population survey at that time showed that the three species of vultures had declined _____(64)over 90 per cent. All three species are now listed as "critically endangered". As most vultures lay only single eggs and _____(65)_____about five years to reach maturity，reversing their population decline will be a long and difficult exercise.
51. A. increase B. threat C. decline D. risk
52. A. small B. different C. same D. safe
53. A. above B. with C. across D. through
54. A. rarely B. long C. recently D. seldom
55.A. dangerous B. clean C. smelly D. beautiful
56. A. immediately B. occasionally C. hardly D. traditionally
57. A. acted as B. led to C. come from D. slowed down
58. A. dead B. strange C. wild D. endangered
59. A. when B. so C. whether D. since
60. A. improving B. causing C. predicting D. finding
61. A. frequent B. regular C. urgent D. sudden
62. A.identify B. prove C. test D. check
63. A.injuries B.deaths C. arrivals D. attacks
64. A.in B.on C.along D.by
65. A.waste B.consume C.take D.adopt
参考答案：CC BB DBADB CABDC
